Acquired Testicular Defects (4)	

	Environmental hazards for the testis include microwaves, ultrasound, and chemicals such as the nematocide dibromochloropropane, cadmium, and lead. 
Testicular failure due to circulating antibodies to the testis can be part of a generalised disorder of autoimmunity in which multiple primary endocrine deficiencies coexist (Schmidt's syndrome). Alternatively, sperm antibodies can be a cause of isolated male infertility. In some instances, such antibodies develop secondary to duct obstruction or vasectomy. Granulomatous diseases such as leprosy can also destroy the testes.